The University of Chicago is known for its commitment to free speech and academic freedom. Why are these values important to the university? Where do they originate? And how do they help administrators navigate conflicts and controversies?

Tony Banout and Tom Ginsburg direct the University of Chicago’s Forum for Free Inquiry and Expression, which received a $100 million gift last year. They are also editors of “The Chicago Canon on Free Inquiry and Expression,” a new book that collects foundational texts that inform the university’s free speech tradition.

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Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

03:31 Origin of book

07:14 UChicago’s founding principles

12:41 Free speech in a university context

19:17 2015 UChicago committee report

32:03 1967 Kalven report

38:02 Institutional neutrality

57:41 Applying free speech principles beyond the university

01:04:21 Future steps for the Forum

01:06:35 Outro

Show notes:

- The University of Chicago’s Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression (2015)

- Chicago Statement: University and Faculty Body Support (last updated 2024)

- The University of Chicago Kalven Report (1967)

Is the free speech conversation too simplistic?

Peter Ives thinks so. He is the author of “Rethinking Free Speech,” a new book that seeks to provide a more nuanced analysis of the free speech debate within various domains, from government to campus to social media.

Ives is a professor of political science at the University of Winnipeg. He researches and writes on the politics of “global English," bridging the disciplines of language policy, political theory, and the influential ideas of Antonio Gramsci.

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Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

02:25 The Harper’s Letter

05:18 Neil Young vs. Joe Rogan

08:15 Free speech culture

09:53 John Stuart Mill

12:53 Alexander Meiklejohn

17:05 Ives’s critique of Jacob Mchangama’s “History of Free Speech” book

17:53 Ives’s definition of free speech

19:38 First Amendment vs. Canadian Charter of Rights

21:25 Hate speech

25:22 Canadian Charter and Canadian universities

34:19 White supremacy and hate speech

40:14 Speech-action distinction

46:04 Free speech absolutism

48:49 Marketplace of ideas

01:05:40 Solutions for better public discourse

01:13:02 Outro

Show notes:

• The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)

• “A Letter on Justice and Open Debate” Harper’s Magazine (2020)

• “On Liberty” John Stuart Mill (1859)

• “Free Speech: A History from Socrates to Social Media” Jacob Mchangama (2022)

• Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

• Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. (2021)

• Canadian Criminal Code (1985)

• Bill C-63 - An Act to enact the Online Harms Act (2024)

• McKinney v. University of Guelph (1990)

• “When is speech violence?” The New York Times (2017)

• Section 230 (Communications Decency Act of 1996)

“Who controls what is taught in American universities — professors or politicians?”

Yale Law professor Keith Whittington answers this timely question and more in his new book, “You Can’t Teach That! The Battle over University Classrooms.” He joins the podcast to discuss the history of academic freedom, the difference between intramural and extramural speech, and why there is a “weaponization” of intellectual diversity.

Keith E. Whittington is the David Boies Professor of Law at Yale Law School. Whittington’s teaching and scholarship span American constitutional theory, American political and constitutional history, judicial politics, the presidency, and free speech and the law.

Read the transcript.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

02:00 The genesis of Yale’s Center for Academic Freedom and Free Speech

04:42 The inspiration behind “You Can’t Teach That!”

06:18 The First Amendment and academic freedom

09:29 Extramural speech and the public sphere

17:56 Intramural speech and its complexities

23:13 Florida’s Stop WOKE Act

26:34 Distinctive features of K-12 education

31:13 University of Pennsylvania professor Amy Wax

39:02 University of Kansas professor Phillip Lowcock

43:42 Muhlenberg College professor Maura Finkelstein

47:01 University of Wisconsin La-Crosse professor Joe Gow

54:47 Northwestern professor Arthur Butz

57:52 Inconsistent applications of university policies

01:02:23 Weaponization of “intellectual diversity”

01:05:53 Outro

Show notes:

• “Speak Freely: Why Universities Must Defend Free Speech” Keith Whittington (2019)

• “You Can't Teach That!: The Battle Over University Classrooms” Keith Whittington (2023)

• AAUP Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure (1915)

• AAUP Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure (1940)

• “Kinsey” (2004)

• Stop WOKE Act, HB 7. (Fla. 2022)

• Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)

• Indiana intellectual diversity law, S.E.A. 354 (Ind. 2022)

• “Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District” (1969)

Woodrow Wilson or Franklin D. Roosevelt: which president was worse for free speech?

In August, FIRE posted a viral X thread, arguing that Woodrow Wilson may be America’s worst-ever president for free speech. Despite the growing recognition of Wilson’s censorship, there was a professor who wrote a recent book on FDR’s free speech record, arguing that FDR was worse.

Representing the Wilson side in our discussion is Christopher Cox, author of the new book, “Woodrow Wilson: The Light Withdrawn.” Cox is a former member of the House of Representatives, where he served for 17 years, including as chair of the Homeland Security Committee. He is currently a senior scholar in residence at the University of California, Irvine.

Representing the FDR side is professor David T. Beito, a Research Fellow at the Independent Institute and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alabama. He is the author of a number of books, his latest being “The New Deal’s War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance.”

Read the transcript.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

03:41 Wilson’s free speech record

15:13 Was FDR’s record worse than Wilson’s?

24:01 Japanese internment

29:35 Wilson at the end of his presidency

37:42 FDR and Hugo Black

42:31 The Smith Act

45:42 Did Wilson regret his actions?

50:31 The suffragists

56:19 Did FDR regret his actions?

01:02:04 Outro

Show notes:

• Espionage Act of 1917

• Sedition Act of 1918

• Executive Order (creating the Committee on Public Information)

• Schenk v. United States (1919)

• Abrams v. United States (1919)

• Smith Act of 1940

• President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms” speech (1941)

• The Lend-Lease Program (1941-1945)

Ayaan Hirsi Ali grew up in a culture of conformity. She was beaten and mutilated. She was told who she must marry.

Eventually, she rebelled.

“You don’t speak up at first,” she told us. “First you leave and you find a place of safety. It’s only after that experience that it occurred to me to speak up about anything.”

Hirsi Ali is a human rights activist, a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, the founder of the AHA Foundation, and the host of the Ayaan Hirsi Ali Podcast. She is also the best-selling author of a number of books, including “Infidel,” “Nomad,” “Heretic,” and, “Prey.” Her latest initiative is Courage Media, which describes itself as a space for courageous conversations.

Read the transcript.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

04:36 Conformity and its consequences

09:03 Islam and free speech

16:38 Immigration and the clash of civilizations

26:03 Censorship and decline in higher education

34:14 Cost of criticism and finding one’s voice

37:20 Hope for the future

43:58 Outro

Show notes:

• “Submission.” Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Theo Van Gogh (2004)

• Brandeis Change.org petition. (2014)

• “When you use AI to replace every mention of ‘our democracy’ with ‘our bureaucracy,’ everything starts making a lot more sense.” Bill D’Agnostico via X (2024)

In this live recording of “So to Speak” at the First Amendment Lawyers Association meeting, Samir Jain, Andy Phillips, and Benjamin Wittes discuss the legal questions surrounding free speech and artificial intelligence.

Samir Jain is the vice president of policy at the Center for Democracy and Technology. Andy Phillips is the managing partner and co-founder at the law firm Meier Watkins Philips and Pusch. Benjamin Wittes is a senior fellow in governance studies at the Brookings Institution and co-founder and editor-in-chief of Lawfare.

Read the transcript.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

01:54 The nature of AI models

07:43 Liability for AI-generated content

15:44 Copyright and AI training datasets

18:45 Deepfakes and misinformation

26:05 Mandatory disclosure and AI watermarking

29:43 AI as a revolutionary technology

36:55 Early regulation of AI

38:39 Audience Q&A

01:09:29 Outro

Show notes:

-Court cases:

• Moody v. NetChoice (2023)

• The New York Times Company v. Microsoft Corporation, et al (2023)

• Millette v. OpenAI, Inc (2024)

• Walters v. OpenAI, L.L.C. (2024)

-Legislation:

• Section 230 (Communications Decency Act of 1996)

• AB 2839 - Elections: deceptive media in advertisements

• AB 2655 - Defending democracy from deepfake deception Act of 2024

• California AI transparency Act

• Colorado AI Act

• NO FAKES Act of 2024

-Articles:

• “A machine with First Amendment rights,” Benjamin Wittes, Lawfare (2023)

• “22 top AI statistics and trends in 2024,” Forbes (2024)

• “Global risks 2024: Disinformation tops global risks 2024 as environmental threats intensify,” World Economic Forum (2024)

• “Court lets first AI libel case go forward,” Reason (2024)

• “CYBERPORN - EXCLUSIVE: A new study shows how pervasive and wild it really is. Can we protect our kids – and free speech?” TIME (1995)

• “It was smart for an AI,” Lawfare (2023)

The FIRE team debates the proposition: Should there be any categories of unprotected speech?

General Counsel Ronnie London and Chief Counsel Bob Corn-Revere go through each category of speech falling outside First Amendment protection to decide whether it should remain unprotected or if it’s time to “remove an arrow from the government’s quiver.”

Read the transcript.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

17:59 Obscenity

21:20 Child pornography

25:25 Fighting words

32:36 Defamation

41:22 Incitement to imminent lawless action

52:07 True threats

56:30 False advertising and hate speech

01:02:50 Outro

Show notes:

-Court cases:

• Schenck v. United States (1919)

• Near v. Minnesota Ex Rel. Olson, County Attorney (1931)

• Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

• Roth v. United States (1957)

• Miller v. California (1973)

• R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (1992)

• Counterman v. Colorado (2023)

• Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

• New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

• Virginia v. Barry Elton Black, Richard J. Elliot, and Jonathan O’Mara (2003)

• United States v. Xavier Alvarez (2012)

-Legislation:

• The Comstock Act (1873)

• The Stolen Valor Act (2005)