While in prison, Malcolm X read furiously after lights-out and changed his entire life trajectory. Naomi Alderman looks at his extraordinary capacity for learning. Prominent as a black nationalist, skilled orator and remarkable organiser in the black freedom struggle in mid-20th century America, Malcolm X was, above all, a learner – a thinker prepared to change his mind. He left hustling behind for a Spartan, ascetic existence, dedicated to the cause.

Special thanks to Clarence Lang, Susan Welch Dean of the College of the Liberal Arts and Professor of African American studies at Penn State.

Excerpt from The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Malcolm X and Alex Haley (Penguin Modern Classics 2001).

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.

Presenter: Naomi Alderman Executive editor: James Cook Assistant producer: Sarah Goodman Researcher: Harry Burton Production coordinator: Amelia Paul Script consultant: Sara Joyner

Luther's vivid, wild words – powered by new printing technology – set in motion a chain reaction that split the Catholic Church, powered the Reformation and changed the world forever. Naomi Alderman meets this determined thinker.

Famously, Luther walked up to a church in a backwater town and nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door. The son of a metal smelter, he knew how rough and dangerous life could be; and he was prepared to question, argue and openly insult powerful authorities in defence of his explosive theology.

Special thanks to Lyndal Roper, Regius Professor of History at the University of Oxford.

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.

Mary Wollstonecraft argued with passion and moral certainty in her great work, A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Naomi Alderman meets the first modern woman, who lived the ideas she espoused – travelling to revolutionary France, living unmarried to her lover, arguing, debating, persuading and showing, with the quality of her arguments, the justice of her own cause. She died tragically young, giving birth to her daughter Mary, known now as Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.

Special thanks to Dr Corin Throsby, who teaches English at the University of Cambridge.

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.

Washington may be better known as a man of action rather than ideas. However, he gave the world one idea of huge power, an idea that was also about power. As a military General, Washington won the American War of Independence. Then, as the first ever US president, he helped establish a nation and guide it through its early life. And then he did something extraordinary – he voluntarily gave up his power and returned to his farm. The idea of the peaceful transfer of power has been at the heart of the American system ever since.

Special thanks to Dr Tom F Wright, Associate Professor in Rhetoric at the University of Sussex.

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.

The ancient Athenian Socrates encourages us to think about what are the most important things in life and to bring real clarity to the ideas, concepts and beliefs that we use every day. He was persistent, brilliant, possessed of an intellectual curiosity and rigour that few have matched. Naomi Alderman explores the mind of this mercurial and fleeting figure – he has left us with no written work and our only sense of him is through the experiences and writings of others.

Special thanks to Dr Frisbee Sheffield, Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge.

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.

Naomi Alderman introduces her series dissecting the minds of brilliant thinkers from the past; examining the myriad ways in which humans think – the messy magic behind ideas that shaped the world.

Unlike Artificial Intelligence, human intelligence is a flesh and blood pursuit. It is shaped by character, opportunity and circumstance, and fuelled by ego, mania, tenacity and eccentricity.

Each episode of HI tells a story of how a brilliant mind came up with a brilliant idea, asking: how did this person achieve their intellectual ambitions? What kind of mind is at work here? Did they argue their position? Did they prefer quiet contemplation or long walks by the sea?

Naomi introduces remarkable thinkers from across history – Socrates, Mary Wollstonecraft, Malcolm X, Sei Shōnagon, Charles Darwin and so many more – alongside academic experts from around the world.

Produced by BBC Studios Audio in partnership with The Open University.