Soaring majestically on broad wings against a bright blue sky, the unmistakable silhouette of the bald eagle is a sight that never fails to inspire awe. With its snowy white head and tail contrasting starkly against the rich, dark brown of its powerful body and wings, Haliaeetus leucocephalus is a bird that commands attention. As the only eagle unique to North America, and the national emblem of the United States since 1782, this regal raptor holds a special place in the hearts and minds of people across the continent. Bald eagles are truly impressive birds by any measure. Among the largest raptors in North America, females, which are notably bigger than males, may reach 43 inches in length with a wingspan stretching over 7 feet. Seeing one of these birds up close, it's impossible not to be struck by their sheer size and presence. Despite their common name, bald eagles are not actually bald - their heads are covered in gleaming white feathers, which develop as the birds reach maturity around 4 to 5 years of age. Juvenile birds are a mottled dark brown and white, and can sometimes be mistaken for golden eagles at a distance. It takes a keen eye to pick out the subtle differences in size, shape, and color that distinguish these two powerful raptors. The range of the bald eagle is limited to North America, but within that range, these birds can be found across a vast expanse of the continent. From the icy wilds of Alaska and the rugged coasts of Newfoundland in the north, to the steamy bayous of Louisiana and the desert lakes of northern Mexico in the south, bald eagles inhabit a wide variety of landscapes. Historically, these birds could be found throughout the contiguous United States, their distinctive forms a common sight along coasts, rivers, and lakes. But by the middle of the 20th century, the bald eagle had vanished from much of its former range, the victim of hunting, habitat loss, and the widespread use of DDT and other pesticides which caused catastrophic thinning of eggshells and reproductive failure. Despite the challenges they have faced, bald eagles are remarkably adaptable birds, able to thrive in many different habitats as long as two key conditions are met: the presence of tall trees for nesting, and access to clean waters with abundant prey. Along the craggy coasts of the Pacific Northwest, eagles build their massive stick nests in towering old-growth conifers, and feast on the rich bounty of salmon and other fish that fill the rivers and streams. In the Chesapeake Bay region, eagles nest in loblolly pines and hunt for fish and waterfowl in the sprawling estuaries and marshes. And in the northwoods of Minnesota and Wisconsin, eagles raise their young in majestic white pines and hunt for fish in the myriad lakes that dot the landscape. While bald eagles are capable of taking a wide variety of prey, fish make up the core of their diet. Using their incredibly keen eyesight (which is about 4 to 7 times sharper than that of humans), eagles spot fish from high above the water, then swoop down to snatch them from just below the surface with their powerful talons. In addition to live fish, bald eagles will also hunt waterfowl, small mammals like rabbits and muskrats, and will readily scavenge on carrion when the opportunity arises. Their opportunistic feeding habits sometimes bring them into conflict with humans, particularly in areas where they have learned to associate people with sources of food, such as fish processing plants or dumps. One of the most remarkable things about bald eagles is the sheer size and scale of their nests. Known as eyries, these massive structures are built high up in large trees, typically within a mile of water. Both male and female eagles contribute to nest building, collecting sticks, branches, and other materials and weaving them together into a deep, bowl-shaped nest that can be up to 8 feet wide and 13 feet deep. Monogamous pairs often return to the same nest year after year, adding new material to it each breeding season until it becomes a truly gigantic structure that can weigh a ton or more. Some of the largest bald eagle nests on record have been found in Alaska, where the birds have an abundance of large trees and ample prey to support them. In addition to their physical prowess and adaptability, bald eagles are also remarkable for the story of their dramatic decline and eventual recovery in the 20th century. As mentioned earlier, by the 1960s, the widespread use of DDT and other pesticides had caused bald eagle populations to plummet to alarmingly low levels, with just over 400 nesting pairs remaining in the lower 48 states. The outlook for these majestic birds was grim, and there were real fears that they might soon disappear from much of their former range. But then, in a heartening turn of events, things began to change. The use of DDT was banned in the United States in 1972, and concerted efforts by conservationists, government agencies, and ...
