Showing titles in Economic History
-
-
Titan
- The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
- By: Ron Chernow
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 35 hrs and 3 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Titan is the first full-length biography based on unrestricted access to Rockefeller’s exceptionally rich trove of papers. A landmark publication full of startling revelations, the book indelibly alters our image of this most enigmatic capitalist. Born the son of a flamboyant, bigamous snake-oil salesman and a pious, straitlaced mother, Rockefeller rose from rustic origins to become the world’s richest man by creating America’s most powerful and feared monopoly, Standard Oil. Branded "the Octopus" by legions of muckrakers, the trust refined and marketed nearly 90 percent of the oil produced in America.
-
-
The Unknown Man
- By James Gorman on 07-07-14
-
Titan
- The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 35 hrs and 3 mins
- Release date: 30-12-12
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £29.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £29.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Hillbilly Elegy
- A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis
- By: J. D. Vance
- Narrated by: J. D. Vance
- Length: 6 hrs and 49 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
J. D. Vance grew up in the hills of Kentucky. His family and friends were the people most of the world calls rednecks, hillbillies or white trash. In this deeply moving memoir, Vance tells the story of his family’s demons and of America’s problem with generational neglect. How his mother struggled against, but never fully escaped, the legacies of abuse, alcoholism, poverty and trauma. How his grandparents, ‘dirt poor and in love’, gave everything for their children to chase the American dream. How Vance beat the odds to graduate from Yale Law School.
-
-
SUPERB, insightful and addictive - a must listen
- By Miss on 15-11-16
-
Hillbilly Elegy
- A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis
- Narrated by: J. D. Vance
- Length: 6 hrs and 49 mins
- Release date: 22-09-16
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Material World
- A Substantial Story of Our Past and Future
- By: Ed Conway
- Narrated by: Ed Conway
- Length: 15 hrs and 11 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Sand, iron, salt, oil, copper and lithium. The struggle for these tiny, magical materials has razed empires, demolished civilizations, fed our greed and our ingenuity for thousands of years. But the story is not over. We are often told we now live in a weightless world of information but in fact we dug more stuff out of the earth in 2017 than in all of human history before 1950. And it's getting worse. To make one bar of gold, we now have to dig 5,000 tons of earth. For every tonne of fossil fuels, we extract six tonnes of other materials - from sand to stone to wood to metal.
-
-
Both important and compelling listening
- By Marian Boswall on 18-06-23
-
Material World
- A Substantial Story of Our Past and Future
- Narrated by: Ed Conway
- Length: 15 hrs and 11 mins
- Release date: 15-06-23
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Debt - Updated and Expanded
- The First 5,000 Years
- By: David Graeber
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 17 hrs and 48 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Here, anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom: He shows that before there was money, there was debt. For more than 5,000 years, since the beginnings of the first agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems to buy and sell goods - that is, long before the invention of coins or cash. It is in this era, Graeber argues, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors.
-
-
A Gigantic, Frustrating, Maddening Disappointment.
- By Longshot356 on 13-02-16
-
Debt - Updated and Expanded
- The First 5,000 Years
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 17 hrs and 48 mins
- Release date: 15-09-15
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £21.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £21.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Money
- A Story of Humanity
- By: David McWilliams
- Narrated by: David McWilliams
- Length: 11 hrs and 55 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Global economist David McWilliams explores our relationship with money and how it sustains the existence of civilisation as we know it. In Money, McWilliams aims to do for cash what David Attenborough did for the Planet: to unlock its mysteries, its limitations and its awesome power. We journey all across the world, through the present and the past, to survey the ever-evolving dynamics of money in a way that has never been seen before.
-
-
This book is destined for greatness
- By Peter Gallagher on 13-09-24
-
Money
- A Story of Humanity
- Narrated by: David McWilliams
- Length: 11 hrs and 55 mins
- Release date: 12-09-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Autocracy, Inc
- The Dictators Who Want to Run the World
- By: Anne Applebaum
- Narrated by: Anne Applebaum
- Length: 4 hrs and 48 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
All of us have in our minds a cartoon image of what an autocratic state looks like, with a bad man at the top. But in the 21st century, that cartoon bears little resemblance to reality. Nowadays, autocracies are run not by one bad guy, but by sophisticated networks composed of kleptocratic financial structures, security services and professional propagandists. The members of these networks are connected not only within a given country, but among many countries. The corrupt, state-controlled companies in one dictatorship do business with corrupt, state-controlled companies in another.
-
-
Extremely naive point of view.
- By Anonymous User on 29-07-24
-
Autocracy, Inc
- The Dictators Who Want to Run the World
- Narrated by: Anne Applebaum
- Length: 4 hrs and 48 mins
- Release date: 23-07-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £8.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £8.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
The Corporation in the Twenty-First Century
- Why (almost) everything we are told about business is wrong
- By: John Kay
- Narrated by: Peter Wicks
- Length: 14 hrs and 20 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
John Kay's incisive overhaul of our ideas about business redefines our understanding of successful commercial activity and the corporation—and describes how we have come to 'love the product' as we 'hate the producer.' This is a brilliant and original work from one of the greatest working economists.
-
-
book of the year so far
- By David Wright on 08-09-24
-
The Corporation in the Twenty-First Century
- Why (almost) everything we are told about business is wrong
- Narrated by: Peter Wicks
- Length: 14 hrs and 20 mins
- Release date: 22-08-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
The Great Transformation
- The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
- By: Karl Polanyi
- Narrated by: David Pickering
- Length: 13 hrs and 35 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In this classic work of economic history and social theory, Karl Polanyi analyzes the economic and social changes brought about by the great transformation of the Industrial Revolution. His analysis explains not only the deficiencies of the self-regulating market, but the potentially dire social consequences of untempered market capitalism. New introductory material reveals the renewed importance of Polanyi's seminal analysis in an era of globalization and free trade.
-
The Great Transformation
- The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
- Narrated by: David Pickering
- Length: 13 hrs and 35 mins
- Release date: 09-09-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £35.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £35.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
The Invisible Doctrine
- The Secret History of Neoliberalism (& How It Came to Control Your Life)
- By: George Monbiot, Peter Hutchison
- Narrated by: George Monbiot
- Length: 4 hrs and 29 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
We live under an ideology that preys on every aspect of our lives: our education and our jobs; our healthcare and our leisure; our relationships and our mental wellbeing; even the planet we inhabit – the very air we breathe. So pervasive has it become that, for most people, it has no name. It seems unavoidable, like a natural law. But trace it back to its roots, and we discover that it is neither inevitable nor immutable. It was conceived, propagated, and then concealed by the powerful few. It is time to bring it into the light - and, in doing so, to find an alternative worth fighting for.
-
-
Diagnosis, cure and a health plan going forward!
- By Jane on 26-08-24
-
The Invisible Doctrine
- The Secret History of Neoliberalism (& How It Came to Control Your Life)
- Narrated by: George Monbiot
- Length: 4 hrs and 29 mins
- Release date: 16-05-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £8.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £8.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Vulture Capitalism
- By: Grace Blakeley
- Narrated by: Grace Blakeley
- Length: 11 hrs and 45 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In Vulture Capitalism, acclaimed journalist Grace Blakeley takes on the world’s most powerful corporations by showing how the causes of our modern crisis are the intended result of our capitalist system. It’s not broken, it’s working exactly as planned. From JPMorgan to Boeing, Henry Ford to Richard Nixon, Blakeley shows us exactly where late-stage capitalism has gone wrong. Searing, explosive and timely, Vulture Capitalism is the book you need to understand what is happening in the world around you – and what you can do to change it.
-
-
Bit boring
- By newsoundboy on 29-06-24
-
Vulture Capitalism
- Narrated by: Grace Blakeley
- Length: 11 hrs and 45 mins
- Release date: 14-03-24
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Globalists
- The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism
- By: Quinn Slobodian
- Narrated by: Joe Barrett
- Length: 11 hrs and 15 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In the first intellectual history of neoliberal globalism, author Quinn Slobodian follows a group of thinkers from the ashes of the Habsburg Empire to the creation of the World Trade Organization to show that neoliberalism emerged less to shrink government and abolish regulations than to redeploy them at a global level.
-
-
Gets there in the end
- By Frank Amin on 29-07-22
-
Globalists
- The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism
- Narrated by: Joe Barrett
- Length: 11 hrs and 15 mins
- Release date: 12-06-18
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £18.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £18.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
China's Economy
- What Everyone Needs to Know®
- By: Arthur R. Kroeber
- Narrated by: Paul Heitsch
- Length: 11 hrs and 31 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know® is a concise introduction to the most astonishing economic growth story of the last three decades. In the 1980s, China was an impoverished backwater, struggling to escape the political turmoil and economic mismanagement of the Mao era. Today it is the world's second biggest economy, the largest manufacturing and trading nation, the consumer of half the world's steel and coal, the biggest source of international tourists, and one of the most influential investors in developing countries from southeast Asia to Africa to Latin America.
-
-
Interested and detailed
- By Charles Robinson on 06-10-19
-
China's Economy
- What Everyone Needs to Know®
- Narrated by: Paul Heitsch
- Length: 11 hrs and 31 mins
- Release date: 24-07-18
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £18.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £18.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Why Nations Fail
- The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
- By: Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson
- Narrated by: Dan Woren
- Length: 17 hrs and 55 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Brilliant and engagingly written, Why Nations Fail answers the question that has stumped the experts for centuries: Why are some nations rich and others poor, divided by wealth and poverty, health and sickness, food and famine?
-
-
History made science
- By Judy Corstjens on 29-04-13
-
Why Nations Fail
- The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
- Narrated by: Dan Woren
- Length: 17 hrs and 55 mins
- Release date: 20-03-12
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £16.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £16.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Stocks for the Long Run (Fifth Edition)
- The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns & Long-Term Investment Strategies
- By: Jeremy J. Siegel
- Narrated by: Scott Pollak
- Length: 13 hrs and 25 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
The stock-investing classic - updated to help you win in today’s chaotic global economy. Much has changed since the last edition of Stocks for the Long Run. The financial crisis, the deepest bear market since the Great Depression, and the continued growth of the emerging markets are just some of the contingencies directly affecting every portfolio in the world. To help you navigate markets and make the best investment decisions, Jeremy Siegel has updated his best-selling guide to stock market investing.
-
Stocks for the Long Run (Fifth Edition)
- The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns & Long-Term Investment Strategies
- Narrated by: Scott Pollak
- Length: 13 hrs and 25 mins
- Release date: 27-07-21
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £15.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £15.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Capitalism Without Capital
- The Rise of the Intangible Economy
- By: Jonathan Haskel, Stian Westlake
- Narrated by: Derek Perkins
- Length: 8 hrs and 56 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Early in the 21st century, a quiet revolution occurred. For the first time, the major developed economies began to invest more in intangible assets, like design, branding, R&D, or software, than in tangible assets, like machinery, buildings, and computers. For all sorts of businesses, from tech firms and pharma companies to coffee shops and gyms, the ability to deploy assets that one can neither see nor touch is increasingly the main source of long-term success.
-
-
Repetitive and disappointing
- By grimnortherner on 23-04-18
-
Capitalism Without Capital
- The Rise of the Intangible Economy
- Narrated by: Derek Perkins
- Length: 8 hrs and 56 mins
- Release date: 15-12-17
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £17.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £17.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Capital in the Twenty-First Century
- By: Thomas Piketty, Arthur Goldhammer - translator
- Narrated by: L. J. Ganser
- Length: 24 hrs and 58 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
What are the grand dynamics that drive the accumulation and distribution of capital? Questions about the long-term evolution of inequality, the concentration of wealth, and the prospects for economic growth lie at the heart of political economy. But satisfactory answers have been hard to find for lack of adequate data and clear guiding theories. In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas Piketty analyzes a unique collection of data from 20 countries, ranging as far back as the 18th century, to uncover key economic and social patterns.
-
-
The most talked about non-fiction book this year
- By David on 08-08-14
-
Capital in the Twenty-First Century
- Narrated by: L. J. Ganser
- Length: 24 hrs and 58 mins
- Release date: 22-05-14
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £29.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £29.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
The Chile Project
- The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism
- By: Sebastian Edwards
- Narrated by: Andrew Joseph Perez
- Length: 9 hrs and 50 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In The Chile Project, Sebastian Edwards tells the story of how the neoliberal economic model came to an end in 2021, when Gabriel Boric was elected president, vowing that "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave." More than a story about one Latin American country, The Chile Project is a behind-the-scenes history of the spread and consequences of the free-market thinking that dominated economic policymaking around the world in the second half of the twentieth century—but is now on the retreat.
-
The Chile Project
- The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism
- Narrated by: Andrew Joseph Perez
- Length: 9 hrs and 50 mins
- Release date: 23-05-23
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
Edible Economics
- A Hungry Economist Explains the World
- By: Ha-Joon Chang
- Narrated by: Homer Todiwala
- Length: 6 hrs and 5 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
For decades, a single free market philosophy has dominated global economics. But this is bland and unhealthy—like British food in the 1980s, when best-selling author and economist Ha-Joon Chang first arrived in the UK from South Korea. Just as eating a wide range of cuisines contributes to a more interesting and balanced diet, so, too, is it essential we listen to a variety of economic perspectives. In Edible Economics, Chang makes challenging economic ideas more palatable by plating them alongside stories about food from around the world.
-
-
Bravo
- By Majid Dawood on 27-02-23
-
Edible Economics
- A Hungry Economist Explains the World
- Narrated by: Homer Todiwala
- Length: 6 hrs and 5 mins
- Release date: 20-10-22
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £12.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
- By: Murray N. Rothbard
- Narrated by: Jeff Riggenbach
- Length: 55 hrs and 29 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
The appearance of the famous (and massive) volumes of Rothbard's Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought in a new edition is cause for great celebration. Every paragraph bursts with intellectual energy and the author's fiery passion to tell the listener the remarkable story of economics. Many reviewers have remarked that Rothbard's accomplishment seems superhuman. He seems to have read everything. His originality is overwhelming. His passion for liberty and integrity in science is evident.
-
An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
- Narrated by: Jeff Riggenbach
- Length: 55 hrs and 29 mins
- Release date: 12-11-21
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £21.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £21.99 or 1 Credit
-
-
-
My Life, Our Times
- By: Gordon Brown
- Narrated by: Gordon Kennedy
- Length: 19 hrs and 52 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
As former Prime Minister and our longest-serving Chancellor, Gordon Brown has been a guiding force for Britain and the world over three decades. This is his candid, poignant and deeply relevant story. In describing his upbringing in Scotland as the son of a minister, the near loss of his eyesight as a student and the death of his daughter within days of her birth, he shares the passionately held principles that have shaped and driven him, reminding us that politics can and should be a calling to serve.
-
-
History Will Right The Wrongs
- By John McCluskey on 16-02-18
-
My Life, Our Times
- Narrated by: Gordon Kennedy
- Length: 19 hrs and 52 mins
- Release date: 07-11-17
- Language: English
Failed to add items
Sorry, we are unable to add the item because your shopping cart is already at capacity.Add to basket failed.
Please try again laterAdd to wishlist failed.
Please try again laterRemove from wishlist failed.
Please try again laterAdding to library failed
Please try againFollow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Regular price: £16.99 or 1 Credit
Sale price: £16.99 or 1 Credit
-